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医疗卫生人才考试医学基础知识:脑膜炎

分类:医学基础知识 笔试题库 考试题库 1222 0

贵州医疗卫生人才考试题库:2020年贵州省医疗卫生岗位考试笔试主要科目《医学基础知识》、《职业能力倾向测验》E类和《综合应用能力》E类,贵州医疗卫生考试该如何去备考,在此整理了关于医学基础知识和事业E类知识,供考生参考学习使用。

贵州医疗卫生考试医学基础知识|事业E类考试知识:脑膜炎

脑膜刺激症状表现为颈项强直和屈髋伸膝征阳性。脑膜炎病理变化包括脑膜刺激征、颅内压升高、脑脊液改变。故本题选AC。
    根据病情进展,脑膜炎一般可分为三期:
    1.上呼吸道感染期:细菌在鼻咽部黏膜繁殖,经2?4天潜伏期后,出现上呼吸道感染症状。主要病理变化为黏膜充血、水肿、少量中性粒细胞浸润和分泌物增多。
    2.败血症期:皮肤、黏膜出现瘀点(斑),为细菌栓塞在小血管和内毒素对血管壁损害所致的出血灶。此期血培养可阳性患者可有高热、头痛、呕吐及外周血中性粒细胞增高等表现。
    3.脑膜炎症期:此期的特征性病变是脑脊髓膜的化脓性炎症。肉眼观,脑脊膜血管高度扩张充血。病变严重的区域,蛛网膜下腔充满灰黄色脓性渗出物,覆盖于脑沟脑回。
    临床病理联系:
    1.脑膜刺激症状:表现为颈项强直和屈髋伸膝征(Kemig)阳性。颈项强直是由于炎症累及脊髓神经根周围的蛛网膜、软脑膜和软脊膜,使神经根在通过椎间孔处受压,当颈部或背部肌肉运动时,牵引受压的神经根而产生疼痛。Kemig征阳性是因腰骶节段脊神经后根受到炎症波及而受压,当屈髋伸膝试验时,坐骨神经受到牵引而发生疼痛。
    2.颅内压升高症状:表现为剧烈的头痛、喷射性呕吐、视乳头水肿、小儿前囟饱满等症状和体征。
    3.脑脊液改变:表现为压力增高,混浊或呈脓性,涂片及培养均可找到脑膜炎双球菌。


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