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医疗卫生人才考试医学基础知识:腰椎间盘突出和颈椎病的磁共振表现

分类:医学基础知识 笔试题库 考试题库 1081 0

贵州医疗卫生人才考试题库:2020年贵州省医疗卫生岗位考试笔试主要科目《医学基础知识》、《职业能力倾向测验》E类和《综合应用能力》E类,贵州医疗卫生考试该如何去备考,在此整理了关于医学基础知识和事业E类知识,供考生参考学习使用。

贵州医疗卫生考试医学基础知识|事业E类考试知识:腰椎间盘突出和颈椎病的磁共振表现

 一、颈椎病临床
    颈椎病又称颈椎综合征,是颈椎骨关节炎、增生性颈椎炎、颈神经根综合征、颈椎间盘脱出症的总称,是一种以退行性病理改变为基础的疾患。主要由于颈椎长期劳损、骨质增生,或椎间盘脱出、韧带增厚,致使颈椎脊髓、神经根或椎动脉受压,出现一系列功能障碍的临床综合征。表现为椎节失稳、松动;髓核突出或脱出;骨刺形成;韧带肥厚和继发的椎管狭窄等,刺激或压迫了邻近的神经根、脊髓、椎动脉及颈部交感神经等组织,引起一系列症状和体征。
    二、颈椎病MRI表现:
    (1)髓核改变:可见椎间盘高度变扁早期T2WI信号减低,晚期T2WI呈高信号。
    (2)纤维环改变:纤维环撕裂T2WI呈高信号。
    (3)终板改变
    三、腰椎间盘突出临床
    腰椎间盘突出症是较为常见的疾患之一,主要是因为腰椎间盘各部分(髓核、纤维环及软骨板),尤其是髓核,有不同程度的退行性改变后,在外力因素的作用下,椎间盘的纤维环破裂,髓核组织从破裂之处突出(或脱出)于后方或椎管内,导致相邻脊神经根遭受刺激或压迫,从而产生腰部疼痛,一侧下肢或双下肢麻木、疼痛等一系列临床症状。腰椎间盘突出症以腰4~5、腰5~骶1发病率最高,约占95%。
    四、腰椎间盘突出MRI表现:
    (一)直接征象包括:髓核突出、髓核游离、许莫氏结节。
    (二)间接征象:硬膜囊、脊髓或神经根受压,受压阶段脊髓内呈长T1长T2异常信号,为脊髓水肿或缺血改变。硬膜外静脉丛受压迂曲,相邻骨结构结骨髓改变。
    【例题】颈椎病的MRI检查的意义有哪些:
    【参考答案】:MRI较其他影像检查突出优点在于能显示各节颈椎、椎间盘、脊髓、前后纵韧带、黄韧带、椎间孔、椎动脉、椎管的异常表现及其相互关系,尤其对于脊髓变性、萎缩、胶质增生、囊变、坏死及空洞形成更为其他影像检查所不能相比。临床上颈椎病可分为颈型、神经根型、脊髓型、椎动脉型、混合型,MRI表现对颈椎病的分型有一定帮助。


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