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教育综合知识:教育心理学之陈述性知识

分类:教育综合知识 笔试题库 考试题库 1090 0

贵州教师招聘考试资料网:贵州省中小学、幼儿教师招聘考试笔试主要科目《教育知识知识》、《职业能力倾向测验》D类和《综合应用能力》D类,贵州教师考试该如何去备考,在此整理了教育综合知识和事业D类知识,供考生参考学习使用。

贵州教师招聘考试教育综合知识|事业D类考试知识:教育心理学之陈述性知识

陈述性知识中我们主要学习两种分类,加涅把陈述性知识视为言语信息,并把它由简到繁分为以下几类:
    (1)符号,主要指各种事物的名称或标记。
    (2)事实,主要指表明两个或两个以上事物之间关系的言语陈述。事实有具体和抽象之分。前者如“北京是举世闻名的游览胜地”,后者如“科学技术是生产力”。
    (3)有组织的知识,主要是多个事实联结的整体,如学生的形成关于我国地形地貌特点的知识。
    奥苏贝尔则把陈述性知识的学习视为意义学习,他将陈述性知识分为:
    (1)表征学习,指学习单个符号或一组符号的意义,或者说学习他们代表什么。其主要内容是词汇学习,即学习单词代表什么。例如,儿童将“猫”这个符号在头脑中与猫的形象建立相应的等值关系。
    (2)概念学习,指掌握符号代表同类事物的共同本质特征。如学习“鸟”的概念就是掌握鸟是“有羽毛”的“动物”这个本质特征,而与它的大小、形状、颜色、是否会飞等特征无关。
    (3)命题学习。指的是学习某个句子的意义。由于构成命题的基本单位是概念或词汇,所以,命题学习实际上是学习概念之间的关系。学习者必须了解组成命题的有关概念的意义,才能获得命题的意义。例如,学习者没有获得“直径”“半径”“倍”的概念,便不能学习“直径等于半径的两倍”这个命题。命题学习以概念学习为前提。
    加涅和奥苏贝尔对陈述性知识的分类有许多相似之处,如“符号”和“表征学习”,但也有不同之处,加涅知识区分了陈述性知识的不同类型,而奥苏贝尔却在知识的分类基础上揭示了其内在的心理机制。


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